slower than the 400 to 600 bpm seen in atrial fibrillation. Frequently, a 2:1 conduction ratio occurs, resulting in a ventricular rate of 150 bpm. Atrial flutter can described as “typical” (a ...

Physiological atrioventricular (AV) nodal refractoriness prevents more than half of the 400 to 600 atrial action potentials per minute generated during AF from conduction to the ventricles.

and therefore AP and hence atrial activation timing are unaltered by the PVC. vii The exception to this is if there is slowed conduction velocity (due to prematurity/relative refractoriness ...

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic heart failure (CHF) are two major and even growing cardiovascular conditions that often coexist. However, few data are available to guide treatment of AF in ...