Free Black people had far greater opportunities ... the former Confederate states crafted new constitutions—later dubbed “Black codes”—that strictly limited the ability of emancipated ...

Immediately after the Civil War ended, Southern states enacted "black codes" that allowed African Americans certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to ...

The Smithsonian historical documents demonstrate the Black Code Laws. “The Alabama Slave Code of 1833 included the following law “[S31] Any person who shall attempt to teach any free person of ...

“From the standpoint of Black Americans' broader needs, hopes, and aspirations, it was a failure," says Davis. "But that wasn't necessarily the fault of the Freedmen's Bureau itself.” ...

But despite its defeat, the Confederate states found a way to continue much of their subjugation of Blacks with the enactment of “Black Codes,” initially in Mississippi. This trend spread ...