B lymphocytes exhibit dual roles in tumorigenesis, acting as both allies and adversaries in the tumor microenvironment (TME).

High-affinity antibodies are critical for host protection and underlie successful vaccines. The generation of such antibodies requires T cell–dependent help, which mediates germinal center ...

T-cell-dependent IgA class switching requires T-cell help to B cells via CD40 ligand (CD40L) and the cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), whereas T-cell-independent IgA class ...

class switching to the IgE isotype. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is primarily an inhibitory cytokine and is produced by T cells, as well as many other types of cell. It inhibits T cell ...

this last switch is a particularly relevant drug target. The inflammatory response is regulated by p38α and is highly activated during a cytokine storm. Inactivating it could prevent inflammation ...

The data demonstrate potent anti-tumor activity across multiple classes of targeted cytokines. Cytokines are powerful regulators of the immune system and attractive therapeutic effector candidates.

EQ101 is a first-in-class tri-specific cytokine inhibitor that selectively targets IL-2, IL-9, and IL-15. Equillium expects to begin enrolling patients in an alopecia areata Phase 2 study of EQ101 ...

The problem, known broadly as a "cytokine storm," can happen when the immune system triggers a runaway response that causes more damage to its own cells than to the invader it's trying to fight.