Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic respiratory (lung) ...

The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process; thus ...

COPD makes it harder to breathe deeply due to narrowed airways. This leads to shortness of breath and especially during physical activity. This information is sourced from the National Institute ...

Dyspnea, the sensation of breathlessness or labored breathing, commonly occurs in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the ...