The deep and superficial systems are interconnected by fascial piercing perforator veins. It is generally regarded that the deep system is a system of high pressure as it is subject to the calf ...

In all, 676 participants said they had moderate to severe varicose veins. Of the total number of participants, 5,888 said they weren't hypersensitive to the cold, just under 6% (340) of whom had ...

Varicose veins are usually caused by impaired functioning of the deep or superficial veins, and the perforator veins (short veins that link the superficial and deep venous systems in the legs).

As described above, the underlying pathologic process behind the formation of varicose veins lies within both ... setting of superficial GSV and SSV or perforator reflux, surgical options exist.