Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have dramatically changed the landscape of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment and significantly reduced the risk of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ...

Additionally, HCV-induced epigenetic modifications ... which exacerbate fibrosis and promote carcinogenesis. Alcohol consumption is an independent risk factor that synergizes with other ...

In the case of HBV, the virus can integrate into the host’s DNA, directly contributing to carcinogenesis. For HCV, the constant cellular turnover due to chronic inflammation and liver damage ...