From the standpoint of Physical Geography, the Earth can be seen to be composed of four principal components: Atmosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere. SMOG: The combustion of fossil ...

The tenor of the term has greatly altered since. By biosphere, modern biologists mean the part of the Earth's crust (lithosphere and hydrosphere) and of the lower parts of the Earth's atmosphere ...

It consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It’s chief components are soil, water, air, organisms and solar energy. It has provided us all the resources for leading a ...

Earth Systems Science focuses on the fundamental processes that dominate the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, their characteristics and complex interactions, and their impact on ...

Our journals publish highly significant research across the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and the built environment. We champion our growing community as they seek to answer the ...

Soil is the interface of Earth’s hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. We focus on the chemical, physical, microbiological and biological processes in soil that control the fluxes and ...