Among random errors in microanalysis are such factors as ... Incident electrons that strike a target atom at random, glancing angles will produce non-characteristic, ‘continuum’ X-rays almost up to ...

A pioneering study has introduced a data-driven approach to tackling site-specific unmodeled errors in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), a persistent challenge in urban canyons and rugged ...

Random errors are errors made by the person carrying out the measuring, and are usually down to timing incorrectly, or reading the instrument incorrectly. It is important to try to reduce or limit ...