pelvic peritonitis and/or tubo–ovarian abscess (TOA). [1] Acute PID is caused by the ascending spread of microorganisms from the vagina and/or endocervix to the endometrium, fallopian tubes and ...

Factors associated with failed medical management of tubo-ovarian abscesses include fever at admission, high inflammatory markers, and larger abscess diameter.

Without treatment, the infection may spread to surrounding tissue and, in some instances, form a tunnel between the infected abscess and an ... muscles in the anus and pelvic floor may play ...

Treatment of PID should take into account the short-term goals of clinical and microbiological cure and the long-term goals of prevention of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, recurrent infection and ...