Lasers have widespread applications as a light source in a variety of fields, including manufacturing, medicine, high-speed ...

Outside of those limits, engineers think of the waveforms as pulses with periods and pulse widths rather than as a square waves with duty cycles and frequencies. Figure 1. A comparator compares a sine ...

However, in order to reach these goals, it is essential to know the waveform of a laser pulse. As molecular events occur in just attoseconds (1 as = 10-18 seconds), the existing method to study ...

In Part 1 of this series, we covered the fundamental concepts and principles incorporated by flow meters along with various flow measurement methods used in mechanical flow meters. Part 2 covers the ...