Copper has been used by humans for as much as 7000 years and elements such as gold, silver, tin, lead and mercury have been known for many thousands of years. However, the first scientific ...

Highly charged heavy ions form a very suitable experimental field for investigating quantum electrodynamics (QED), the ...

Bismuth, the 83rd element in the periodic table, has been known since ancient times, but was often confused with lead and tin. In 1753, Claude François Geoffroy from France demonstrated that ...