Nature categorizes particles into two fundamental types: fermions and bosons. While matter-building particles such as quarks ...

One such pattern set is the orbital angular momentum (OAM ... While this has been demonstrated previously with two-dimensional states, in this work the team showed the first demonstration with ...

would be 2 m/s. Great, right? Now for the second method—using the momentum principle. This says that a net force changes the momentum of an object. The one dimensional momentum is the product of ...

If the beam has orbital angular momentum, a plane connecting these ... as the states will be two-dimensional. Physicists use two-dimensional systems because that is what they can manipulate ...

By stitching together individual images, we were able to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of the orbital angular momentum and confirm that electrons form vortices in momentum space ...