These changes help to maintain normal left ... of the first heart sound may be reduced. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the preferred diagnostic modality for aortic regurgitation.

The most common cause of aortic stenosis in a person over age 70 years is calcification of a normal trileaflet aortic ... cardiomyopathy murmur. The S2 heart sound is often paradoxically split ...

Finally the second heart sound ... forms of aortic valve disease: congenital abnormalities, such as a bicuspid valve that leads to premature calcification; calcification of the normal trileaflet ...