The Surgeon General warns us that even moderate alcohol consumption causes several cancers. However, the causal case lacks ...

(In other words, it is not a Red Herring to cite temporal succession as part of an argument for a causal conclusion.) We generally understand it as a necessary condition of A causing B that B occur ...

The purpose of this editorial is to help clinicians distinguish causal and non-causal associations to avoid faulty conclusions and misguided clinical decisions. Consider figure 1-III and a sport ...

A positive association was found between osteoarthritis and overactive bladder (OAB), but rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic ...

“If cannabis use ‘causes’ schizophrenia, it is absolutely impossible that the rate of schizophrenia would not be going up ...

Causal models depict relationships where causes lead to effects, while reason models focus on how evidence supports conclusions. Research indicates that reason models may offer distinct advantages ...

The Surgeon General's report makes a surprisingly weak case for the causal conclusion. It ignores the findings of animal experiments, fails to consider stress as a third variable, and downplays ...