Personal consumption expenditures (PCE), also known ... shows how people change their buying habits when prices change. This provides a window into demand for products and services which can ...

Standard tests of the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) using data on nondurables typically equate expenditures with consumption. However, as noted by Becker (1965), consumption is the output of a ...

Typically, Medicaid reimbursement rates are set by a cost plus method, where the reimbursement per patient is equal ... of Medicaid expenditures with respect to a change in the Medicaid "plus" ...