Indirect carotid‐cavernous fistulas (CCF) typically have an insidious course ... Here, we describe a rare case of spontaneous bilateral indirect CCF treated using a hybrid approach, utilizing open ...
Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital ...
The treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas has undergone a fundamental transformation during the preceding 30 years. Endovascular techniques have not only largely replaced surgical management of ...
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